1
Articles — a / an / the / ∅
🔴 CORE
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Quy tắc cốt lõi
| Article | Khi nào dùng | Ví dụ |
|---|---|---|
| the | Đã biết cái nào: đã nhắc, duy nhất, hoặc có mệnh đề xác định | the sun, the UK, the proportion of women |
| a / an | Lần đầu đề cập, chưa xác định | a significant increase, an upward trend |
| ∅ | Danh từ số nhiều / uncountable mang nghĩa tổng quát | education, society, cars, students |
✗The education is important for the society.
✓Education is important for society. ← tổng quát → ∅
✓The education system in this country needs reform. ← có mệnh đề xác định → the
✗proportion of women increased
✓The proportion of women increased ← "of women" xác định → the
✗The poverty is a global issue.
✓Poverty is a global issue.
✓Education is important for society. ← tổng quát → ∅
✓The education system in this country needs reform. ← có mệnh đề xác định → the
✗proportion of women increased
✓The proportion of women increased ← "of women" xác định → the
✗The poverty is a global issue.
✓Poverty is a global issue.
2
Countable vs Uncountable Nouns
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Uncountable hay bị thêm -s sai
informationsadvicesresearches
evidencesknowledgesequipments
progressestrafficsdamagesaccommodations
Quantifier đúng
| Countable | Uncountable |
|---|---|
| many, fewer, a number of, several | much, less, an amount of, a piece of |
| the number of people | the amount of water |
✗many informations / advices / researches
✓much information / a piece of advice / several studies
✗the amount of people
✓the number of people ← people = countable
✓much information / a piece of advice / several studies
✗the amount of people
✓the number of people ← people = countable
3
Subject–Verb Agreement
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| Cấu trúc | Verb | Ví dụ |
|---|---|---|
| The number of + noun | Singular | The number of students was increasing. |
| A number of + noun | Plural | A number of issues were raised. |
| Each / every + noun | Singular | Each student has a different style. |
| Gerund subject | Singular | Reducing emissions requires cooperation. |
| Neither … nor | Agree với noun gần nhất | Neither the students nor the teacher was ready. |
4
Parallel Structure — Liệt Kê Cùng Dạng
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Quy tắc
Khi liệt kê với and / or / but, tất cả các vế phải cùng dạng ngữ pháp.
✗This policy reduces crime, improving safety, and the economy benefits.
✓This policy reduces crime, improves safety, and boosts the economy.
✗X increased, Y was declining, and Z had a rise.
✓X increased, Y declined, and Z rose.
✓This policy reduces crime, improves safety, and boosts the economy.
✗X increased, Y was declining, and Z had a rise.
✓X increased, Y declined, and Z rose.
5
Relative Clauses — who / which / where / whose
🟡 IMPORTANT
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| Từ | Dùng cho |
|---|---|
| who | Người |
| which | Vật / ý / mệnh đề cả câu |
| where | Nơi chốn |
| whose | Sở hữu |
| that | Restrictive clause (không dấu phẩy) |
✓Students who study abroad gain cultural awareness. ← restrictive
✓This policy, which was introduced in 2010, has reduced unemployment. ← non-restrictive
✗The country where has the highest GDP is…
✓The country that/which has the highest GDP is…
✓This policy, which was introduced in 2010, has reduced unemployment. ← non-restrictive
✗The country where has the highest GDP is…
✓The country that/which has the highest GDP is…
6
Passive Voice — Dùng Đúng Chỗ
🟡 IMPORTANT
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Khi nào dùng Passive
✅ Tác nhân không quan trọng | ✅ Nhấn mạnh object | ✅ Academic style
❌ Đừng lạm dụng — active thường mạnh hơn
✓Children are influenced by social media.
✓The figure was recorded at 30% in 2010. ← T1
✗Investment is seen as being needed by many economists.
✓Many economists argue that investment in education is essential.
✓The figure was recorded at 30% in 2010. ← T1
✗Investment is seen as being needed by many economists.
✓Many economists argue that investment in education is essential.
7
Gerund vs Infinitive
🟡 IMPORTANT
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| Chỉ + Gerund (-ing) | Chỉ + Infinitive (to V) |
|---|---|
| avoid, consider, suggest, recommend, justify, involve, risk, delay, deny, admit | allow, enable, force, encourage, tend, appear, seem, decide, refuse, manage, fail |
Cả hai — nghĩa KHÁC nhau
stop doing = ngừng việc đang làm | stop to do = dừng lại để làm
remember doing = nhớ đã làm (quá khứ) | remember to do = nhớ phải làm (tương lai)
8
Comparatives & Superlatives
🟢 REFINE
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✗more better / most fastest / more effective than compared to
✓better / fastest / more effective than / significantly more effective than
— T1 so sánh số liệu —
✓twice as high as / almost double that of / marginally lower than
✗France was higher than double Germany.
✓France's figure was more than double that of Germany.
✓better / fastest / more effective than / significantly more effective than
— T1 so sánh số liệu —
✓twice as high as / almost double that of / marginally lower than
✗France was higher than double Germany.
✓France's figure was more than double that of Germany.
9
Pronoun Reference — Rõ Antecedent
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✗Governments and corporations must act, but they often prioritise profit. ← they = ai?
✓Although governments must set policy, corporations often prioritise profit over public welfare.
✗This is a serious problem. ← This = cái gì?
✓This growing inequality is a serious problem.
✓Although governments must set policy, corporations often prioritise profit over public welfare.
✗This is a serious problem. ← This = cái gì?
✓This growing inequality is a serious problem.
T1-A
Tense — Đọc Trục Thời Gian Biểu Đồ
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| Loại biểu đồ / tình huống | Tense dùng |
|---|---|
| Dữ liệu quá khứ (trục thời gian kết thúc) | Past simple |
| Sequence quá khứ — sự kiện A xảy ra trước sự kiện B | Past perfect + past simple |
| Dự đoán tương lai | is projected to / will |
| Không có trục thời gian (pie, table snapshot) | Present simple |
| Line graph kéo đến hiện tại | Present perfect + past simple |
⚠️ Khi nào dùng Past Perfect trong T1?
Past perfect (had + V3) dùng khi muốn nhấn mạnh thứ tự xảy ra của hai sự kiện quá khứ — sự kiện nào diễn ra trước. Không bắt buộc nếu order đã rõ qua adverbs/conjunctions (before, after, then), nhưng dùng được sẽ nâng Grammatical Range.
Triggers thường gặp:
By [year]… ·
After…had V3, it V-ed ·
…had already V3 before/when…
── Past simple (default cho T1 past data) ──
✗The graph shows that sales increased in 2005 and they are still growing. (dữ liệu dừng 2005)
✓Sales rose sharply in 2005 before levelling off in 2010.
── Past perfect (nhấn mạnh sequence) ──
✓By 2010, production had already peaked and then declined sharply. ← peaked xảy ra trước declined
✓After the figure had risen steadily for a decade, it fell back in 2015.
── Projected data ──
✓The proportion of renewable energy is projected to reach 40% by 2030.
── Snapshot (pie / table — no time axis) ──
✓The largest share is accounted for by transport at 35%. ← pie chart → present simple
✗The graph shows that sales increased in 2005 and they are still growing. (dữ liệu dừng 2005)
✓Sales rose sharply in 2005 before levelling off in 2010.
── Past perfect (nhấn mạnh sequence) ──
✓By 2010, production had already peaked and then declined sharply. ← peaked xảy ra trước declined
✓After the figure had risen steadily for a decade, it fell back in 2015.
── Projected data ──
✓The proportion of renewable energy is projected to reach 40% by 2030.
── Snapshot (pie / table — no time axis) ──
✓The largest share is accounted for by transport at 35%. ← pie chart → present simple
T1-B
Prepositions — Mô Tả Số Liệu Chính Xác
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| Preposition | Dùng cho | Ví dụ |
|---|---|---|
| at | Giá trị tuyệt đối | stood at 30%, peaked at 50M |
| by | Mức thay đổi (delta) | increased by 10%, fell by half |
| to | Điểm đến sau thay đổi | rose to 40%, dropped to 15% |
| from … to | Khoảng thay đổi | grew from 20% to 45% |
| for | Sau account | accounted for 40% |
| over | Suốt khoảng thời gian | over the period |
✗increased to 10% (muốn nói tăng thêm 10%)
✓increased by 10%
✗peaked in 50 million / accounted 40%
✓peaked at 50 million / accounted for 40%
✓increased by 10%
✗peaked in 50 million / accounted 40%
✓peaked at 50 million / accounted for 40%
T2-A
Tense — Claims Tổng Quát vs Xu Hướng Gắn Hiện Tại
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| Loại phát biểu | Tense | Ví dụ |
|---|---|---|
| General truth / timeless claim | Present simple | Governments invest heavily in education. |
| Xu hướng bắt đầu quá khứ, còn đúng hiện nay | Present perfect | Technology has transformed communication. |
| Sự kiện hoàn toàn trong quá khứ | Past simple | The Industrial Revolution created new jobs. |
✓Governments invest heavily in education. ← present simple: general truth
✓Technology has transformed the way people communicate. ← còn đúng hiện nay
✗Technology transformed how people communicate. ← ngụ ý không còn đúng
✓Technology has transformed the way people communicate. ← còn đúng hiện nay
✗Technology transformed how people communicate. ← ngụ ý không còn đúng
T2-B
Conditional Sentences — Type 1 & Type 2
🟡 IMPORTANT
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| Type | Cấu trúc | Dùng khi |
|---|---|---|
| Type 1 | If + present, will + V | Điều kiện có thể xảy ra |
| Type 2 | If + past, would + V | Giả định / hypothetical |
| Formal | Were + S + to V, would + V | Academic style cho Type 2 |
✓If governments invest in education, poverty will decrease.
✓If governments invested more, outcomes would improve.
✗If governments will invest… (SAI — if clause không dùng will)
✓If governments invested more, outcomes would improve.
✗If governments will invest… (SAI — if clause không dùng will)
T2-C
Noun Phrases — Thay Thế Mệnh Đề Vòng Vo
🟢 REFINE
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Tại sao quan trọng?
Academic writing ưa noun phrase — compact hơn, điểm Lexical Resource cao hơn.
✗Because the government does not invest, there are problems.
✓The lack of government investment leads to widespread problems.
✗When the population gets older, healthcare becomes more expensive.
✓An ageing population places increasing pressure on healthcare systems.
✓The lack of government investment leads to widespread problems.
✗When the population gets older, healthcare becomes more expensive.
✓An ageing population places increasing pressure on healthcare systems.
∑
Toàn bộ 13 điểm — phân loại & ưu tiên
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| # | Điểm Grammar | Task | Tầng | T1 | T2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Articles | 🔴 CORE | ⭐⭐⭐ | ⭐⭐⭐ | |
| 2 | Countable vs Uncountable | 🔴 CORE | ⭐⭐⭐ | ⭐⭐⭐ | |
| 3 | Subject-Verb Agreement | 🔴 CORE | ⭐⭐⭐ | ⭐⭐⭐ | |
| 4 | Parallel Structure | 🔴 CORE | ⭐⭐ | ⭐⭐⭐ | |
| 5 | Relative Clauses | 🟡 IMPORTANT | ⭐⭐ | ⭐⭐⭐ | |
| 6 | Passive Voice | 🟡 IMPORTANT | ⭐⭐⭐ | ⭐⭐ | |
| 7 | Gerund vs Infinitive | 🟡 IMPORTANT | ⭐ | ⭐⭐ | |
| 8 | Comparatives & Superlatives | 🟢 REFINE | ⭐⭐⭐ | ⭐⭐ | |
| 9 | Pronoun Reference | 🟢 REFINE | ⭐ | ⭐⭐⭐ | |
| T1-A | Tense — trục thời gian biểu đồ | 🔴 CORE | ⭐⭐⭐ | — | |
| T1-B | Prepositions + số liệu | 🔴 CORE | ⭐⭐⭐ | — | |
| T2-A | Tense — general claims vs perfect | 🔴 CORE | — | ⭐⭐⭐ | |
| T2-B | Conditional Type 1 & 2 | 🟡 IMPORTANT | — | ⭐⭐⭐ | |
| T2-C | Noun Phrases thay mệnh đề | 🟢 REFINE | — | ⭐⭐⭐ |